The Essentials You Need for a Pet Rat

by Lisa Selvaggio

Published: May 26th, 2025

Rats make fantastic pets for people of all ages, including children. They’re friendly, cuddly, gentle, clean, and smart. Plus, they really enjoy interacting with people, and thrive when given daily attention and affection.

Pixel-Shot/Shutterstock

If you’re ready to welcome pet rats into your family, there are things to consider first, as you want to be sure you’ll be able to provide them with everything they need to stay happy and healthy. Below is a brief guide to the main things you’ll need to get started with your rats.

A Large Enclosure for More Than One Rat

First off, it’s best to get more than one rat because they’re social animals who don’t do as well when they’re on their own. If you have at least two rats, they’ll be able to play together and keep each other company when you aren’t interacting with them, and they’ll be happier having each other.

Note: If you don’t want them reproducing, make sure you get rats who are the same gender. You can also discuss spaying and neutering options with your veterinarian.

Rats need a lot of space, so a large, multi-level enclosure will give them room to run, climb, eat, play, and rest. Experts recommend a minimum cage size of 24” x 24” x 24” for each rat. A wire cage with a smooth, solid bottom will provide airflow and be gentle on their feet. The bars should be spaced to prevent injury and escape—about 1/2” is recommended. Also, the cage should lock securely.

Because rats prefer being in the company of others, you can keep their cage in an area of your home where there’s a good amount of activity. But avoid placing the cage in an area that gets direct sunlight or drafts. Also, it should be in a comfortable environment that isn’t too hot or too cold.

A good option is the Midwest Homes for Pets Critter Nation Double Unit. It measures 36” long, 24” wide, and 63” high. It comes with adjustable shelves, leak-proof pans, and ramps. The double doors make cleaning easy, and the stand makes it simple to move it around and lock it into place.

Comfortable Bedding and Ways to Exercise and Play

The next step is making your rats’ cage fun and comfortable for them. Regularly inspect all of the accessories throughout the cage, and replace them when worn out. Switching things up every now and then can also keep their environment interesting, as rats are curious and like to explore.

Here are the essentials you need for the enclosure:

Bedding: Choose paper-based bedding for rats rather than those made of wood which can be dangerous to their digestive system, respiratory system, and skin. Always shop for products made specifically for rats and designated safe for them. Place a couple of inches of bedding on the solid bottom of their cage so they can burrow and rest in it.

Hideaways, hammocks, and ladders: Provide a variety of boxes, ladders, and tunnels so your rats can relax, play, and hide. Hammocks provide cozy spots for resting and napping, and a great example is the Oxbow Animal Health Enriched Life Honeycomb Hammock, which is made of pet-safe materials, is machine-washable, and has two levels for holding more than one rat.

Toys: For playing and exercising, give your rodents various toys. Chew toys made for rats help keep their teeth healthy. Running wheels let them release their energy (choose smooth wheels for safety and comfort). And simple items like paper towel tubes can be used, so you don’t have to spend a lot of money to keep your rats active and happy.

Tip: Purchase a rodent playpen you can put your rats in when they’re spending time outside of their cage. They can run around and play freely while in a safe enclosure that makes it easy to interact with and supervise them.

Nutritious Food and Fresh Water

Pet rats need a diet consisting of a variety of foods, but be sure to do research to learn about safe versus toxic foods for them.

You can start with nutritionally complete and balanced pellets and blocks for rats, and you can also provide appropriate fruits and veggies, hay, and grains when you want to give them treats. Of course, they always need access to fresh water, too.

Use durable, heavy food bowls so it won’t be easy for your rats to tip them over and spill food everywhere. To give clean water, you can use water bowls, water bottles that clip to the bars of the cage, or both to ensure your rats’ preferences are met.

Give Your Rats What They Need to Stay Healthy and Happy

Although rats might seem like super easy pets at first, the truth is they need a lot of room and a lot of daily care and attention. When shopping for products, from cages and accessories to bowls and toys, always confirm items are made of durable, high-quality, safe, and non-toxic materials that aren’t dangerous to rats in any way. By doing so, you can rest assured you’re giving your pets what they need to thrive.

Join the PetGuide community. Get the latest pet news and product recommendations by subscribing to our newsletter here.

Lisa Selvaggio

Lisa Selvaggio is a freelance writer and editor, and our resident cats-pert, with certifications in pet nutrition and pet first aid. She enjoys producing content that helps people understand animals better so they can give their pets a safe and happy home.

More by Lisa Selvaggio

Your Dog Will Love This Healthy 3-Ingredient Treat

View Article

Essential Gear You Need for Hiking With Your Dog

Heading out on the trails for a hike is a great way to spend the day, and it can be even more enjoyable with your canine companion at your side. Whether you plan on hiking up a mountain, trekking to a waterfall, or just spending time in a peaceful forest, there are so many beautiful places to explore with your pooch. Before you start your adventure, though, make sure you have the right hiking gear for your dog.

Microchip Company Closes: Do You Need to Re-Register Your Pet?

Microchips help reunite lost pets with their families, but they only work if they are active and registered to the right household. So, when a microchip company suddenly closed down and their database disappeared, word spread fast to let pet parents know that they need to take action if their pet now has an inactive microchip.

Humans Are Getting Their Pets Sick – Here's What You Need To Know

Zoonosis are diseases that can be transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans, such as rabies or Lyme disease, and has been around ever since we started domesticating animals. However, recent studies reveal that a new and lesser-known form of zoonose is becoming increasingly common: the reverse zoonose. This is the latest phenomenon, where disease can be transmitted from humans to their pets. Dr. Benjamin Anderson from the University of Florida was amongst the first to warn about the increase of reverse zoonoses. He said that more attention should be paid to disease transmission “in the opposite direction”, and that both pets and their owners can be threatened by it, especially when sharing close quarters with one another.“We’re starting to see a lot of examples of reverse zoonosis. Pets are more susceptible than, maybe, we previously thought,” he said. “Typically, the viruses that I will have as a human are not going to fit into the receptors that a dog or cat has.”This means that reverse zoonoses typically appear when a pathogen in humans mutates and then adapts to a new animal host. In the past, however, it was much rarer for this to happen, because humans and animals have a totally different biology.But now, the viruses like  coronavirus or influenza have a much higher chance of cross-species transmission. This is mainly due to their RNA-based genetic material, which is more likely to mutate or have replication errors. According to Dr. Anderson, there are several diseases that have been documented to transmit from humans to their pets. These include COVID-19, tuberculosis, swine flu, dengue, human-norovirus, and other viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial infections.To make matters worse, the highest chances for this to happen is with pets such as dogs, cats, horses, and ferrets, as they have the most genetic similarity to humans, being mammals. “We have to first ask how the pathogen gets into those animals in the first place,” said Dr. Anderson for  Phys.org. “The pathogen doesn’t develop out of thin air in animals before suddenly spilling over into humans. While pathogens certainly can move from animals to other animals and can be picked up from the environment, exposure to humans also plays an important role. It’s this constant back and forth exchange that happens over time, increasing the probability of a mutation taking place that allows the pathogen to infect a new host.”Dr. Anderson also noted the difficulty in tracking reverse zoonoses, as it is a big challenge to link the transmission of diseases between humans and animals. Because of this, Dr. Anderson advises pet owners to be cautious around pets, particularly if they are sick with communicable diseases, like COVID-19 or the flu. Maintain good hygiene around your pets, and avoid direct contact.

10 Essentials You Always Need in Your Fish Room

Ever wonder what the pros keep in their fish rooms? They’ve shared their tips and secrets with us, and we’re pleased to pass along the 10 essentials you always need in your fish room. Serious hobbyists go beyond having a tank or two; they have a whole fish room stocked with numerous tanks, many species, and a lot of supplies to make their lives easier. I polled several fish keepers who boast impressive fish rooms to see what they thought to be the most useful tools of the trade (beyond the typical nets, water changer, and other obvious fish-keeping basics). Here are their top 10 essentials you always need in your fish room: Plastic Tupperware containers: These are useful for just about everything from holding surprise fry, transporting fish, and growing live food cultures. In fact, just about any bucket or container you can think of comes in handy for fish keeping. From empty kitty litter buckets to Rubbermaid totes, anything that holds water is handy. Just make sure to clean them thoroughly before and after using them. Cotton balls, Q-tips, and tweezers: They aren’t just for bathrooms and personal hygiene! Q-tips and cotton balls are excellent to feed small worm cultures. And tweezers can be used to plant plants or remove things from the tank. Related: The Pros and Cons of CO2 in an Aquarium Turkey Baster: This kitchen staple can be used to remove waste from a bare bottom tank, to suck up fry in order to move them, or to feed larger fish. They are easily cleaned out and cheap to replace when needed. Mr. Clean Magic Erasers: These cleaning essentials are aquarium safe! They will remove algae from the tank glass, clean decorations, and keep your tanks sparking. Vinegar: A natural and eco-friendly cleaner that can be used to remove stubborn water deposits in empty tanks, on decorations, etc. Just rinse well after a vinegar scrub and it’s good to go back in the tank. Vinegar also works well when you clean the outside of the glass. Related: Cost-Cutting Tips and Tricks for Aquarium Enthusiasts Bleach: Another essential cleaner that can be used to clean tanks, sanitize equipment, and dip plants with stubborn algae on them. After using bleach, rinse well, and add the items back in the tank. (BTW, tips #5 and #6 are paired well with the items in You should also keep paper towels or clean rags around to use for cleanup, and for wiping off surfaces. Extra sponge filters or filter media in existing tanks: These make it quick and easy to set up a new tank, a quarantine tank, or fry tank, without worrying about cycling. Battery-powered air pumps and extra blankets: Should you have to suffer through a prolonged power outage, you’ll need these items to insulate the tank and keep the water oxygenated. Without them, you could lose your fish very quickly. Backup filter and heater: You should always have a backup filter and heater in the event of equipment failure, especially during a time when you cannot get one immediately. Having a spare is simple peace of mind. Found natural décor: Any rocks or wood you find in your adventures outside. You never know when you may decide to set up a new tank! Look for unusual shapes and sizes to spruce up your tanks with a natural flair. The fish love it!

Pet Parent Alert: What You Need To Know About Canine Influenza Outbrea

It may not have hit your city yet, but Canine Flu may be coming to a dog park near you soon. Here’s what you need to know about the current outbreak and what signs to look for. Visitors to the “windy city” may be bringing home more than just a tacky t-shirt, a hankering for deep dish pizza or a Chicago Cubs baseball cap this year. They could be transporting the canine influenza virus and they need to know how to leave this souvenir at the boarding gate. Related: Chicago Pooches Caught Up In “Dog Flu” Epidemic The virus gained widespread coverage this past winter as hundreds of dogs in Chicago were infected and several succumbed to the bug. The strain – H3N2 – is similar to the Asian version currently found in southern Chinese and South Korean dog populations and while all canines exposed to the virus will become infected and be considered contagious, it is estimated only 80 percent of those dogs will actually exhibit symptoms. In Chicago, the alarmingly rapid surge in infected animals caused the Chicago Park District to take the unprecedented step of posting warning signs at dog parks to advise owners to keep a close reign on their pooches, avoid contact with other dogs and enter the park at their own risk. This warning remains in effect and the challenge is that unlike human influenza, it is not a seasonal bug that will pass with time. It can strike at any point of the year and means owners need to be continuously vigilant – particularly those with animals younger than one year or older than seven years. Related: Kennel Cough Symptoms And Treatments While the virus is not known to spread from dogs to humans, Rover can experience some pretty nasty symptoms including coughing, fever, yellowish-green colored nasal discharge, dehydration and lethargy. These will typically show up two to four days after exposure to an infected dog and it’s during these few days when he himself is most contagious. Because this infectious state can last up to 10 days after exposure, he will need to be quarantined (which can simply mean kept at home from other dogs) for about two weeks. But keep in mind it’s not just about nose-to-nose contact. The canine influenza virus is tenacious and can survive on inanimate objects like leashes, water bowls, food bowls, brushes and clothing for 24 hours or on your hands for 12 hours. It can also be contracted by dogs traveling into infected areas – so if you can’t imagine a family vacation without your little guy in tow, do your homework, avoid areas known to carry the virus or get him inoculated well in advance of travel! [Source: ScienceDaily]

Snacks vs Treats vs Food - How to Get the Calorie Combo Right.

(photo credit: ValeriyPH / shutterstock.com)Do you know what the optimal calorie intake is for the size of dog you live with? Most pet parents don’t, so here’s a snapshot. Keep in mind, that this is a general estimate that doesn’t take into account your dog’s activity level, whether they have been neutered or spayed, their breed, or their age.The average caloric requirement for dogs to not only maintain their weight but remain healthy breaks down as follows: for dogs under 20 pounds, it’s around 320-480 calories per day. That increases to 640-800 calories daily for dogs between 20 and 50 pounds. Larger breeds, closer to 70 pounds can consume between 960 and 1120 calories while dogs over 70 pounds will require 1100 to 1350 calories every day to maintain their weight and health.Whether your dog has a set meal period or you’ve opted for free-feeding (meaning he can graze throughout the day as hunger strikes), adding treats and snacks to his diet will inevitably happen, right? The difference is a snack is something healthy and substantial to tide him through between meals. For a human, it could be hummus and carrot sticks or an apple and cheese. You know, tasty and protein-rich to fill you up for a couple of hours. It’s the same with dogs. Particularly if he’s heavily active and needs an energy boost.But then there are the treats which, just like they sound, are mini-indulgences that we all look forward to from time to time and can be prone to overdoing.Now, when you worked out the optimal caloric intake for your dog, your first thought may have been that this opens the door for a heck of a lot of those little treats he loves to scarf down.But keep the lid on that goodie jar! Let’s apply the 10% rule that veterinarians from across the land have espoused to their clients for years. It states that treats should never make up more than 10% of your dog’s daily calorie intake.That instantly reduces treat consumption for mini mutts to under 50 calories. For larger dogs, less than 135 calories should be attributed to their daily treats.For context, a one-inch cube of cheddar cheese has around 69 calories. Well beyond what a smaller pooch is allowed to consume in a given day. And, if you toss your larger pooch a couple of cubes at a time, more than what he should be given as well. See how that math works?

Study Confirms Pets Are Better Social Media Influencers than People

Social media accounts of cats and dogs promoting products have an upper hand when it comes to trustworthiness, a new study shows. In recent years, our four-legged companions have become extremely popular on social media. Some are so popular that they have amassed millions of followers on their social media accounts. This trend has created a new word - petfluencer, a domestic animal that has a dedicated social media account where its owner posts about it. Some petfluencers have become famous, generating an impressive income. The world’s richest cat, Nala, is probably the best example. With 4.4 million followers on Instagram, Nala Cat has an estimated net worth of $100 million.But what makes cats and dogs better influencers than people? A new study found that petfluencers have an unexpected edge over human influencers in terms of trustworthiness. The study, published in The Journal of Advertising Research, examines how animals’ endorsements of brands, as seen in petfluencer accounts, affect consumer response. Researchers from the University of Strathclyde in Scotland analyzed what makes petfluencers successful by comparing them to human influencers. For this study, researchers created fictional advertisements for products like peanut butter and wine. When these advertisements were shown to an audience, the results were surprising, but clear - petfluencer has surpassed the human influencer in terms of consumer response.The study also found petfluencers to be even more effective when their message matched a consumer’s focus on immediate satisfaction and pleasure. Researchers also discovered that the number of sponsored posts affects an influencer’s perceived sincerity. As the number of sponsored posts by human influencers increases, their perceived sincerity is declining, likely because of “influencer fatigue”.Human influencers are often seen in a negative light if their persuasive intent is clearer if people believe they endorse products and brands they don’t use or believe in just to get paid. According to the researchers, this is most likely the reason why petfluencers could be a good alternative for more sincere endorsements. On the other hand, pets aren’t obsessed with material things and offer a more genuine alternative to human influencers, and brands have started to notice their value. More advertising agencies are turning to petfluencers to promote brands, and they often earn as much as their human counterparts. “Petfluencers offer distinct advantages compared to human social media influencers,” said Dr. Laura Laverty, study author and lecturer in Marketing at the University of Strathclyde. “While the persuasiveness of human influencers often stems from their relatability or aspirational appeal, petfluencers are seen as more genuine and sincere. Because they are pets, they have no hidden agenda,” she explained.Pets don’t come with the baggage or scandals that follow some human influencers, which makes them seem more trustworthy. Although petfluencer accounts may appear like they are managed by the pets themselves, they are often run transparently by the pet’s owner. Like human influencers, petfluencers often work with advertising agencies to handle brand partnerships, while staying in charge of the type of content they post. Famous petfluencers like Nala Cat are in high demand and endorse a large number of products. For example, Nala the cat recommends an array of products, from cat food to mobile games. The research team believes future studies will validate their findings and explore the growing presence and influence of pets in social media. Join the PetGuide community. Get the latest pet news and product recommendations by subscribing to our newsletter here.

How to Choose the Right Perches for Your Bird

A pet bird needs perches to rest, play, and even clean their beak. But when you start shopping for perches for your feathered companion’s cage, you might feel overwhelmed by all of the options. There are perches of all different sizes, materials, and shapes, and you might not know what’s right for your bird. That’s why we’ve put together this brief guide to bird perches.

Why is My Dog Whining?

When you finally wind down after a long day, few sounds are as unsettling, frustrating, and heartbreaking as the sound of your dog whining. We’ve all been there. But before you dismiss it as just your dog being “needy,” remind yourself that whining is a form of communication. It’s your dog’s way of telling you something; ignoring it could mean missing essential cues or messages about their well-being.Whining can stem from a long list of reasons, ranging from simple attention-seeking or a desire for a treat to more complex emotional states, like anxiety or fear. Even more importantly, your dog may be trying to let you know about a serious medical issue. A dog in pain, for example, might whine to express their discomfort.Only by carefully observing your dog’s behavior and considering all possibilities can you effectively respond to their needs and strengthen the bond you share. So, let’s look at the possible reasons for your dog’s whining…Common Physical Reasons for WhiningBefore you start analyzing the situation for the more complex emotional or behavioral explanations, let’s start with the basics. Like humans, dogs have fundamental needs to live a happy, healthy life. They may feel uncomfortable or irritated if these needs are unmet, using their vocalization (whining) to communicate and let you know.If the reason for your dog’s whining is one of these physical triggers, good news – addressing the trigger will usually resolve the problem, allowing your dog to be healthy and content. Here are the most common physical explanations to watch out for:HungerYour dog might whine to let you know that they are hungry. This is especially true if it’s near their regular mealtime. Despite not being able to read a clock, they do have an internal clock that can be pretty accurate – especially when it comes to their stomachs! Some dogs will whine even if their bowl isn’t completely empty out of habit or anticipation.This could also be a response to seeing something that looks tasty. For example, if you recently purchased their favorite treats and left the bag sitting somewhere visible or if your dog can see and/or smell your recently cooked meal sitting on the kitchen counter. Your pup isn’t necessarily hungry in these situations, but they are still trying to communicate that they would love to eat whatever they are eyeing up.ThirstyAccess to fresh, clean water is essential. If you’ve ever been thirsty, you know the discomfort of dry mouth. Now imagine experiencing that and having no ability to get a drink to relieve it. Check your dog’s water dish to ensure they haven’t run dry. If you’re struggling to keep up with that, consider using a pet water fountain or a gravity-fed water dish.Need to Do Their “Business”When you’ve got to go, you’ve got to go! If your pet is experiencing a full bladder or bowel, it can be very uncomfortable. Regular potty breaks are crucial, especially for young puppies during the potty-training process and for seniors in their golden years. But pay attention to your dog’s bathroom habits. If you notice an increase in their urgency and whining, that could indicate a medical issue like a UTI.Discomfort or PainWhining could be a sign that your dog is experiencing pain from injuries, arthritis, or other medical conditions. For example, a dog with hip dysplasia or severe arthritis may whine when standing up, while a dog with a stomach ache might whine and pace, unable to get comfortable.While no one wants to see their dog in pain, recognizing this can be a positive thing as it’s the first step to finding a solution and giving your best friend some much-needed relief. Keep an eye open for other signs of discomfort like limping, licking, or changes in appetite or behavior. If you suspect your dog is in pain, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible.Emotional and Psychological Reasons for WhiningBeyond physical needs, your dog’s emotional and mental state significantly affect their happiness and well-being. Our dogs experience a range of emotions, from joy and excitement to anxiety and frustration. Understanding these emotions allows us to interpret and respond appropriately to this form of communication.Sometimes, the root cause of a whine may lie in a simple desire for connection. Other times, it could signal something deeper, like anxiety or fear, that will require you to take steps to make them feel more secure.Attention-SeekingA dog’s whine may simply be a plea for your attention. Whether it’s a desire for play, petting, or just a moment of interaction, dogs learn that whining generally triggers a response from their owners, increasing the chance of getting what they want. For example, my boy Lucifer loves to lay at my feet when I’m working and whine when he wants me to stop working and pay attention to him.When addressing attention-seeking whining, the key is positive reinforcement. Avoid rewarding the behavior by giving in to their demands, as tempting as it may be, as this will only reinforce the habit. Instead, try to redirect their attention to more appropriate activities. For example, you may teach your dog that offering a toy will lead to play sessions, not whining to play. Or, you could use talking buttons to help your dog communicate what they want with buttons like “Play” or “Cuddle.”ExcitementHave you ever returned home after a long day at work to your dog whining at the door as you turn the key? Dogs often whine when anticipating something positive, such as preparing for a walk or greeting a familiar person. This type of whining is usually paired with other signs of excitement, like rapid tail wagging, jumping, and playful barking.This form of whining is generally harmless, but it’s important to manage the level of excitement to prevent excessive vocalization. Allowing your dog to react with overexcitement like this may allow the situation to escalate, and over-excitement is a very real type of reactivity!Anxiety and FearOf all the mental and emotional causes for whining, this one is particularly important to address. Why? Your dog is telling you that they are experiencing fear and anxiety, and they need your support.Common anxiety triggers include loud noises like fireworks or thunderstorms, separation anxiety when left alone, or fear of unfamiliar people or places. Watch out for other signs of fear or anxiety, like excessive panting, lip-licking, shaking/trembling, attempting to hide, or tucking their tail between their legs.Managing fear and anxiety requires a multifaceted approach. Create a safe and comfortable space for your dog using calming aids, like a pheromone diffuser or calming music. Make sure this space is quiet and as far from any potential triggers as possible. You may also want to consider calming products like a Thundershirt (you can even make your own) or calming chews. If your dog struggles despite your best efforts, I recommend consulting a behaviorist or veterinarian for more personalized advice.FrustrationDogs may also whine when they’re feeling frustrated. This can happen when they can’t reach a toy, if they are confined in a small space, or if they are unable to access something they desire. The easy solution to these problems is obviously to address the source of their frustration, like getting the toy or letting them out of the crate, but that’s not always possible.You can help to reduce frustration by offering your dog plenty of mental stimulation and enrichment, giving them a positive outlet for their energy. Puzzle toys, interactive games, and regular training sessions are all great ways to keep your dog mentally engaged and reduce feelings of frustration.

Study Finds Dogs Really Are Surrogates to Having Children

Research finds pooches are not only a key member of the household, they've become the much-loved child in a childless family.

How Do You Keep a Dog Active During Winter?

When winter arrives with its chilly temperatures, shorter days, and snowy conditions, it can disrupt your usual routines, especially if you have a four-legged family member. For dogs and their owners, this season presents quite a few challenges. However, despite the difficulties, keeping your furry friend engaged and active during the colder months is essential for their happiness and health. Here are some practical tips to help you and your dog make the most of winter.Bundle Up for Outdoor AdventuresDaily walks and outdoor play are essential for burning off energy and maintaining your dog’s fitness. But during winter, you’ll need to prepare for the cold if you want to keep up with your usual activities outside the house. Invest in proper winter gear for your dog, such as:A warm coat or sweater to keep them comfortable in low temperatures.Booties to protect their paws from snow, ice, and salt.

How Do You Get Rid of Ear Mites in Dogs?

If you’ve ever noticed your dog shaking their head excessively or scratching at their ears like there’s no tomorrow, ear mites could be the culprit. These tiny parasites, scientifically known as Otodectes cynotis, make a home inside the ear canal, feeding on skin debris and causing intense irritation. Left untreated, ear mites can lead to infections and more serious complications - but the good news is they’re completely treatable with the right approach.

AI Is Helping to Find Lost Pets

AI has been making waves in the pet space for a while now, with veterinarians and pet parents gaining access to a variety of tools that can help them better assess a pet’s pain, track their daily habits, and more. And now there’s a new AI tool that can help reunite lost pets with their families.

5 Ways To Be a More Sustainable Pet Owner

Being a pet owner is a wonderful and rewarding experience that helps you find joy in the little things and enjoy true companionship. However, it also comes with responsibilities — not just toward your furry friends but also toward the environment. Pets and their owners can have a considerable ecological footprint, from food production to waste management. Fortunately, with a few thoughtful changes in the coming year, you can reduce your impact while ensuring your pet thrives. Here’s how:#1 Choose Sustainable Pet FoodYour pet’s diet is one of the most significant contributors to their environmental footprint. To reduce this impact, opt for pet food brands that prioritize sustainability by using responsibly sourced ingredients and eco-friendly packaging.Consider foods made with alternative proteins like insects, which are highly nutritious but require far fewer resources than traditional meat production. Plant-based options are also becoming more available for certain pets, particularly dogs. When purchasing, look for certifications such as MSC (Marine Stewardship Council) for seafood or Fair Trade for ingredients. Buying in bulk can also help reduce packaging waste and transportation emissions.For a more personalized approach, consider preparing homemade meals for your pet using locally sourced ingredients. Consult your veterinarian to ensure these meals meet your pet’s nutritional needs.#2 Opt for Eco-Friendly Toys and AccessoriesPets love toys, but many commercial options are made from non-recyclable plastics and low-quality materials that quickly end up in landfills. Instead, choose toys and accessories made from sustainable materials like hemp, recycled fabrics, or bamboo. Many companies now offer recyclable or biodegradable toys that are as durable as conventional ones.

How to Make a DIY Cat Deterrent Spray

As a cat parent, we love our feline friends, but let’s be honest, sometimes their natural instincts can seriously clash with our home décor. The frustration of discovering claw marks on your favorite sofa, finding your beloved houseplants overturned and dug up, or worse, dealing with territorial marking in your house is an experience that many of us share.I understand the desire to find a humane and effective solution to protect our homes without harming our cats. After all, our cats are family, and we want to coexist peacefully. The goal is not to punish them but to guide their behavior in a positive direction.Cat deterrent sprays offer several advantages, discouraging our kitties from engaging in unwanted behaviors in specific areas. Creating a DIY cat deterrent spray may be the perfect option for those seeking a budget-friendly solution or who like to control the substances coming into their home.In this article, I’ll share how to make a safe and effective cat deterrent spray. Plus, I’ll discuss the other factors to consider when setting your cat up for success, including long-term behavior medication, positive reinforcement, and other cat-proofing options.Understanding Cat BehaviorBefore I go into the details about making and using a cat deterrent spray, let’s step back and start at the beginning. It’s essential to understand why cats engage in the behaviors we find problematic. Scratching, for example, is far more than just a destructive behavior. It’s a natural instinct that serves many important purposes, including: Claw Maintenance: Allowing them to shed old nail sheaths Territorial Marking: Leaving both a visual and scent cueEmotional Release: A way to express frustration or excitementSimilarly, marking (often through spraying urine or rubbing cheeks) is also a form of communication. Cats use scent to establish territory, signal their presence, and even share their emotions like stress or anxiety. Is your cat urinating outside their litter box? There are several possible reasons why your cat is doing their business in an unwanted location, including medical issues, stress, or problems with the litter box itself (location, type of litter, type of litter box, etc.). The first step to finding a solution is to make an appointment with your veterinarian to rule out any underlying medical conditions before considering it a behavioral problem. Suppressing these behaviors with a deterrent spray isn’t a long-term solution. Instead, you will need to identify the root cause of the problem and address it directly. For example, if your cat is scratching your furniture, try offering several scratching posts in various materials and locations to redirect their instincts to a positive outlet. Enriching their environment with toys, climbing structures, and interactive play can alleviate boredom and reduce stress-related marking. If your cat is experiencing anxiety, I recommend consulting a cat behaviorist. These professionals are uniquely skilled at identifying triggers and can help you develop a tailored plan to create a more positive home environment for your best friend. Finally, it’s important to remember that cats experience scents far differently than we do. Their sense of smell is far more sensitive than ours, allowing them to detect and identify subtle differences and interpret information from a scent we can’t. This is why they use scent as a significant part of their communication. This sensitive sense of smell is also why scents like citrus or vinegar are so effective at discouraging your cat from going in or near areas that you’re trying to protect. Choosing the Right Ingredients Onto the reason you’re reading this – how to make your own DIY cat deterrent spray. Selecting the right ingredients is crucial for both effectiveness and your cat’s safety. Essential oils, concentrated plant extracts, are popular as they offer strong scents that work well to deter cats. However, not all essential oils are safe for use around cats. Most importantly, even those that are safe for use around your cat must be handled and used with safety in mind. Always dilute essential oils significantly and consult your veterinarian before using them on your cat. Some essential oils can be extremely harmful, even fatal, if ingested, inhaled, or even absorbed through their skin. Luckily, several essential oils are considered safe and effective in diluted forms for cat deterrents. Citrus oils like orange and lemon often serve as the active ingredient in deterrent sprays as cats generally dislike their strong scents. While calming for humans, lavender can also act as a strong deterrent, but it should be used with caution and in very dilute form. Finally, eucalyptus and peppermint can be used, but sparingly and always diluted, as their strong menthol scents can be overwhelming and potentially irritating. Some essential oils are absolutely toxic to cats and should be avoided entirely. Tea tree oil, pennyroyal, wintergreen, pine, and many others can cause severe health problems, including liver damage, respiratory distress, and even death. These oils should never be used on or near your cat. Beyond essential oils, other ingredients (depending on your recipe) include: White Distilled Vinegar: Diluted with water, this is a common choice due to its strong, acidic scent Citrus Peels: A natural by-product of consuming citrus fruits, can be steeped in water to create a safe and effective citrus-scented deterrent Water: Serves as the base for all these sprays, diluting the other ingredients and allowing for easy application A carrier oil, such as coconut or almond, is essential if you choose to use essential oils. Diluting essential oils in a carrier oil before adding them to water prevents skin irritation and ensures a more even scent distribution. Finally, when possible, opt for organic ingredients. This minimizes the pesticides and other potentially harmful chemicals your cat may be exposed to, helping to create a healthier environment for your best friend.

Here's How to Prepare Your Pets for Hurricane Season

The Atlantic hurricane season is almost upon us, and forecasts warn we’ll likely see more storms than average. The storm season officially starts on June 1 and lasts till November 30, but storms may also occur before or after these dates.Last year’s hurricane season has devastated communities with flooding, mudslides, and wind, causing billions of dollars in damage and leaving thousands of people without a home. According to the American Veterinary Association, 45.5% of U.S. households own at least one dog, and 32.1% have at least one cat. An estimated 89.7 million dogs and 73.8 million cats are kept as pets in the United States, and all of them face the same risks during the hurricane season as their owners. The United States Department of Homeland Security has created a website to help people prepare for natural disasters and emergencies. There you can find a list of items people should have prepared in case of an emergency. A basic disaster supply kit should contain food, water, flashlights, cash, personal hygiene items, cell phone chargers, and prescription medication, among other things. But what about our dogs and cats? Is there any way to include them in your family’s emergency plan, and if you have to evacuate, can they be taken to safety as well?“Sometimes it’s much more challenging to get certain things when you’re in a hurry,” said Sarah Cortright, a Southern California-based small animal veterinarian. Packing a pet’s vaccination records, medication, food, and other necessities is much harder when trying to escape a deadly storm. It’s essential to have all these things prepared. Make sure you have at least two weeks' worth of your pet’s prescription medication in case you are forced to stay away from home for an extended period. Remember that veterinary offices may also stay closed because of severe weather, making it impossible to refill prescriptions quickly or obtain your pet’s vaccination or medical records.“Coming out of L.A. fires, we saw a lot of pets that needed medications, and they had no documentation,” making it difficult for veterinarians to refill scripts, explained Cortright. She advises keeping a copy of your pet’s medical and vaccination records digitally and on paper.“Even if it’s just a picture of the records on your phone, that’s enough,” she said, adding that animals may be separated from their families and boarded in separate facilities, for which they’ll need proof of vaccination. If you haven’t microchipped your pet yet, make sure to do so before the hurricane season. Keep your contact information up to date. In case you lose your pet during the storm, a microchip can help reunite you with your four-legged companion.Cortright suggests packing a carrier for each cat and a small dog, and a leash or a harness for medium and large-sized pooches. Pack as much food and water for your pets as you can carry, as well as food and water bowls. If possible, take their bedding and a couple of toys as well. Bring some litter for cats so they have a place to relieve themselves, and waste bags for dogs.Take recent photos of your pets to help with identification in case they get lost, and make sure they have ID tags and collars. Make a plan that includes a pet-friendly place to stay and copies of documentation to ensure all your pets stay safe. “Have extras of things set aside and ready to go,” suggested Cortright. “Just like you would for humans.” No one ever thinks they’ll end up caught in a storm. But planning before the hurricane season starts will make things a lot easier for you and your pet. Join the PetGuide community. Get the latest pet news and product recommendations by subscribing to our newsletter here.

Can Dogs Suffer From Acid Reflux?

Do you ever find yourself reaching for the antacids after a particularly rich or zesty meal, as that familiar burn creeps up in your chest? It’s a sensation many of us know all too well. But what I told you that your dog can experience a similar discomfort? It might surprise you to learn that acid reflux isn’t just a human struggle. It’s a genuine concern for our pups, too! If you’ve ever wondered if your dog could be suffering in silence, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, I will break down the basics of canine acid reflux, helping you understand why it happens, how to recognize the warning signs, and most importantly, what you can do to bring your pup some much-needed relief. Understanding the Canine Digestive SystemTo truly understand acid reflux in dogs, we have to start by familiarizing ourselves with their digestive system. Think of the esophagus as a busy one-way passage, carrying food from the mouth down to their stomach. Now, at the end of this passage, right where it meets the stomach, there’s a small muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This LES acts like a gatekeeper, opening up to allow food to pass into the stomach and closing tightly to prevent anything from backing up. Once the food makes its way into the stomach, it enters a highly acidic environment. This strong acid plays an essential role in breaking down food particles, preparing them for the following stages of digestion. When everything is working as it should, the LES carefully contains that acid where it belongs – in the stomach. How Does Acid Reflux Happen in Dogs? So, if there are systems in place to keep this acid contained, how does this backflow of stomach acid happen? Several key mechanisms could contribute to acid reflux. This includes: LES Dysfunction: When the LES doesn’t close properly or is weakened, it allows the acidic stomach contents to flow backward into the esophagus, causing irritation. Increased Abdominal Pressure: Excessive pressure on the stomach can force its contents upward, even past a healthy LES. This can be caused by obesity or a very full stomach. Delayed Gastric Emptying: When food stays in the stomach longer than usual, the risk of stomach acid backing up into the esophagus increases. Hiatal Hernia: A less common issue where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm (the muscles separating the chest and abdomen). This can weaken the LES and make acid reflux more likely. Beyond these mechanisms, there are several everyday factors that can increase the risk of your dog experiencing acid reflux. The more of these factors that come into play, the greater the risk will be. Dietary IssuesFoods high in fat can delay the stomach from emptying, giving acid more time to potentially back up. Surprisingly, even seemingly harmless treats that are spicy or acidic can irritate the esophagus or stomach lining. This includes “treats” your dog may snag without permission, like human food stolen off the table or goodies they discover in the garbage can.Sudden changes in your dog’s diet can also upset their digestive system and lead to temporary reflux. Furthermore, food sensitivities or allergies can cause inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially contributing to the problem. Don’t forget those overly enthusiastic eaters (my dog being among them). Dogs who gulp down their food too quickly often swallow a lot of air, which can increase pressure in their stomach. ObesityAnother significant risk factor (of acid reflux and several other medical complications) is obesity. The excess weight puts additional pressure on the abdomen, which makes it more likely that the LES will fail. Medications Certain medications can also have the side effect of relaxing the LES, increasing the chance of acid backflow. Underlying Medical ConditionsRegardless of the cause, chronic vomiting can irritate the esophagus and predispose a dog to reflux. Gastritis, or inflammation of the stomach lining, can disrupt your dog’s normal digestive function. In some cases, a condition called megaesophagus occurs, where the esophagus is enlarged and loses the ability to move food into the stomach. This can lead to regurgitation, which can be mistaken for or contribute to acid reflux. This is a medical condition that will require lifelong management. Finally, some breeds, particularly brachycephalic breeds (those with short faces like Bulldogs and Pugs), may be more prone to reflux due to altered airway pressure, which can affect their digestive system. Late-Night Eating This is a commonly discussed problem among humans, but could also contribute to your dog’s problems. Eating late at night, especially a large meal right before bedtime, can increase the risk of acid reflux as your dog lies down soon after eating. This body position makes it easier for stomach contents to flow backward. Spotting the Signs of Acid Reflux It’s important to remember that the signs of acid reflux in dogs can vary quite a bit from one pup to another, both in how intense they are and how often they occur. By being a careful observer of your dog’s behavior and taking note of any changes or “odd” behaviors, you are far more likely to catch these clues: Regurgitation: Have you ever seen your dog just “release” a bit of undigested food without the effort often associated with actual vomiting, like heaving or tummy action? That’s usually regurgitation, a key sign of potential reflux. Vomiting: Of course, sometimes they might actually vomit, complete with heaving and retching. While vomiting can have lots of causes, it can also be linked to acid reflux or related tummy problems. Excessive Drooling: Dogs drool, some breeds more than others. However, you should keep an eye out for extra slobber. If your dog is suddenly producing way more drool than usual, it could be their body’s way of trying to soothe an irritated esophagus from the stomach acid. Lip Licking and Swallowing: This can be a more subtle clue that many dog parents will miss. If you notice your dog constantly licking their lips or swallowing more than usual, it may indicate some discomfort or that they are feeling nauseous. Coughing or Gagging After Eating: Does your dog cough or gag a bit right after eating or when trying to settle down for a nap? That could be the reflux acting up and triggering those reactions. Picky Eating or Loss of Appetite: If your dog, who usually gobbles down everything, starts turning their nose up at food, it could be because their stomach is feeling off, possibly due to reflux. Unexplained Weight Loss: In more persistent cases, if the reflux makes them eat less or frequently bring their food back up, you may notice them losing weight. Restlessness or Discomfort: Does your dog seem agitated after eating? Do they pace or whine after their meals? They could be feeling that uncomfortable burn. Bad Breath: That not-so-pleasant breath could actually be a sign of acidic stomach contents making their way back up where they shouldn’t be. Burping or Flatulence: An increase in burping or passing gas can sometimes be linked to more air in the digestive system, which can be associated with acid reflux. As a loving and responsible dog parent, you are the best person to notice subtle changes in your dog’s behavior. Keeping a mental or even written note of when these signs occur, what your dog was doing before the behavior, and any patterns you observe (like after certain foods or at specific times of day) can be incredibly helpful information to share with your veterinarian.

Symptoms of Seasonal Allergies in Cats

With the arrival of spring and blooming trees, seasonal allergies make their return - and believe it or not, cats can have them too! Just like humans, our feline friends can suffer from allergies triggered by pollen, dust mites, and mold. While cat allergies aren’t as commonly recognized as those in dogs or people, they can still cause significant discomfort. Understanding the symptoms can help you take the right steps to keep your cat happy and healthy. Here’s what to look out for!Common Signs of Seasonal Allergies in Cats1. Persistent Scratching and Over-GroomingOne of the first signs of allergies in cats is constant itching. If your cat is scratching, licking, or biting their skin - especially around the face, ears, paws, or belly- it could be due to allergens in their environment. Excessive grooming can lead to hair loss, bald patches, and even skin infections.2. Skin Irritation and InflammationAllergic reactions often cause redness, swelling, or rashes on a cat’s skin. Some cats may develop scabs, sores, or flaky patches due to repeated scratching. If left untreated, these irritated areas can become infected, requiring veterinary care.3. Watery Eyes and Runny NoseSimilar to hay fever in humans, seasonal allergies can make a cat’s eyes watery and irritated. Their eyes may appear red or swollen, sometimes with a clear or slightly cloudy discharge. Some cats also develop a runny nose, sneezing, or mild congestion, which can easily be mistaken for a respiratory infection.4. Sneezing, Coughing, and WheezingAllergens like pollen and mold can trigger sneezing fits, coughing, and even mild breathing difficulties. If your cat is sneezing more than usual, especially during allergy season, it could be a reaction to environmental allergens. Cats with asthma or other respiratory conditions may experience worsened symptoms, such as wheezing or labored breathing.5. Ear InfectionsInflammation from allergies can lead to excessive wax buildup in a cat’s ears, increasing the risk of ear infections. If your cat is shaking their head frequently, scratching at their ears, or if you notice an unusual odor, it’s a sign that their ears may need medical attention.6. Paw IrritationAllergens can affect a cat’s paws, causing itching and discomfort. Excessive paw licking or chewing, redness, or swelling can indicate an allergic reaction. In more severe cases, open sores or infections may develop.When to See a VeterinarianMild seasonal allergies can often be managed at home, but if symptoms become severe or persistent, a vet visit is essential. Excessive scratching, hair loss, open wounds, breathing difficulties, or recurrent ear infections may require medical treatment. Your veterinarian can perform allergy tests to identify specific triggers and recommend treatments such as antihistamines, medicated creams, or dietary adjustments.How to Reduce Allergic Reactions at HomeThere are several ways to help minimize allergens in your home and keep your cat comfortable:

Top stories

The Essentials You Need for a Pet Rat

A Large Enclosure for More Than One Rat

Comfortable Bedding and Ways to Exercise and Play

Nutritious Food and Fresh Water

Give Your Rats What They Need to Stay Healthy and Happy

Related articles